Creative people are required in today’s complex and troublesome world. It has become a need of the nation to look out for creative people in order to have the scientific and technological achievements. Present chapter describes the meaning, and the methods of measuring creativity.
Meaning of Creativity
Various psychologists have defined creativity in various ways. Some main definitions of creativity are as follows:
According to DeHann and Havinghurst, “Creativity is the quality, that provokes a person towards the production of a new and desirable thing. This new thing can be new to the whole society or may be just for the person who produced.”
In words of Dravehel, “Creativity is that human ability by which he can express any thought or creation.”
According to psychologists Crow & Crow, “Creativity is a mental process of expressing original outcomes.”
In the words of Cole & Bruce, “Creativity the ability and the process to understand, express and appreciate the human mind in form of original product.”
It is evident from the analysis of above definitions that creativity is primarily related to originality and newness. Creativity aims at the effort of looking at the problems in a new way and finding solution. In other words, creativity is the ability which enables a person to think and reflect in a new way to find a smart solution for any problem. Aside from the popular ways, the ability of working and reflecting in a new way is the creativity.
Elements of Creativity
By looking and analyzing the definitions of creativity, we come to know that creativity could be understood in context of sensibility, curiosity, imagination, originality, searching, flexibility, fluency and elaboration etc. All these synonymous traits of creativity appear in scientific researches, artworks, music, creation, writing and poetry, painting etc creative works. There are four main elements of creativity:
(i) Fluency—By fluency we mean the multiple solutions on a problem. Fluency can further be divided into four divisions, Ideational Fluency, Expressional Fluency, Associative Fluency and Word Fluency. In the ideational fluency the free outpouring of ideas is encouraged, like telling the possible titles of a story, the uses of some item, or telling the ways to improve something. In the expressional fluency, the free outpouring of human expressions is encouraged, like making a sentence out of the given four words, or complete the given incomplete sentence. Associative fluency means to establish the association among the given words and things, like write synonyms and antonyms of the given word.
Word fluency is associated with words, like make words of the given suffixes and prefixes. The fluency of any creative test on any item by someone is often expressed by the number of responses over that item. In order to know the fluency score on a test, all fluency marks are added.
(ii) Flexibility—Flexibility means the variation in the responses or alternatives on given problem. This tells how much mutually different are the answers or the alternatives from one another that are presented by the person. The three dimensions of flexibility could be – Figural Spontaneous Flexibility, Figural Adaptive Flexibility, and Semantic Spontaneous Flexibility. Figural Spontaneous Flexibility means the flexibility in the solutions of improving any figure or an object. Figural Adaptive Flexibility means the flexibility in the methods of changing the form of an object or a figure into another. Semantic Spontaneous Flexibility means the flexibility in the uses of words or objects. Flexibility can be expressed by a person’s different types of responses at any item on the test of creativity. In order to know the flexibility score of any person on a test, his flexibility marks on different items are added.
(iii) Originality—Originality means the uncommonness of the responses or alternatives presented by the person. It is observed how much different are the given responses or alternatives from popular responses and alternatives. In other words the originality is primarily related to newness. The person who presents the different alternatives from others is said to be original. Telling the new uses of a thing, writing titles of a story, poetry or an article, forecasting remote outcomes of changes, to discover some new symbols are all examples of originality.
(iv) Elaboration—By elaboration we mean the elaborate explanations of given thoughts or emotions, completion or presentation. There are two kinds of elaboration, Semantic Elaboration or Figural Elaboration. In the semantic elaboration, some brief event, process, or work situation could be asked, to be expanded, where as in the Figural Elaboration, a complete and meaningful figure is to be rendered out of incomplete figure or line by adding something.
The Criteria of Creative Personality
Torrance created a list of 84 personality traits of a creative personality after extensively studying the behaviors of many creative people. In the measurement of creativity, these 84 traits of creative personality can play an important role. These eighty four traits are below:
- Accepts Disorder
- Adventurous
- Strong Affection
- Awareness to Others
- Attraction to Disorder
- Attempts Difficult Jobs
- Constructive Criticism
- Deep and Conscientious Conventions
- Altruistic
- Always Baffled by Something
- Attracted to Mysterious Discoveries
- Bashful Outwardly
- Courageous
- Defines Conventions of Courtesy
- Defines Conventions of Health
- Desire to Excel
- Determination
- Differentiated Value-hierarchy
- Discontented
- Disturbs Organization
- Dominant
- Emotional
- Emotionally Sensitive
- Energetic
- A Fault Finder
- Does not fear being thought differently
- Full of Curiosity
- Appears self-satisfied at times
- Likes Solitude
- Feels whole parade is out of step
- Independence in Judgment
- Independence in Thinking
- Individualistic
- Intuitive
- Industrious
- Introversive
- Lacks business ability
- Makes Mistakes
- Never Bored
- Not hostile or Negativistic
- Not Popular
- Oddities of habits
- Persistent
- Becomes Preoccupied
- Preference for Complex Ideas
- Non-conformity
- Keeps unusual Hours
- A questioning ability
- Radical
- Receptive to External Stimuli
- Receptive to Ideas of Others
- Regresses Occasionally
- Rejection of Suppression as a mechanism of Impulse control
- Rejection of Repression
- Resolute
- Reserved
- Self Aware
- Self Confident
- Self Sufficient
- Sense of Humor
- Sensitive to Beauty
- Sincere
- Shuns Power
- Self Assertive
- Self Starter
- Sense of Destiny
- Not Interested in Small Details
- Speculative
- Spirited in Disagreement
- Strives for distant Goals
- Stubborn
- Temperamental
- Tenacious
- Tender Emotions
- Timid
- Thorough
- Unconcerned about Power
- Somewhat Uncultured and Primitive
- Unsophisticated naïve
- Unwilling to accept anything on mere say to
- Visionary
- Versatile
- Willing to take risks
- Somewhat withdrawn and Quiescent
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar